Method of brazing thin heat exchanging plates and brazed plate heat exchanger produced according to the method

ABSTRACT

The invention refers to a method of brazing together thin heat exchanging plates of an iron based base material provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging area of the plates and, if present, also over the distribution area to a plate heat exchanger. The plates are coated with brazing material and are arranged such that contact between elevations and depressions in adjacent plates is obtained prior to the brazing together. The plates are then brazed together at the resultant contact points. Only 5-40%, preferably 10-30%, of the heat exchanging area and the distribution area are coated with brazing material prior to the brazing. The invention also comprises a brazed plate heat exchanger built of thin heat exchanging plates of an iron based base material provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging area and, if present, also over the distribution area which has been produced according to the method of the invention. In the brazed heat exchanger the brazing material used for the brazing is present mainly in the brazing joint.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is entitled to the benefit of and incorporates by reference essential subject matter disclosed in International Application No. PCT/SE02/00886 filed on May 3, 2002 and Swedish Patent Application No. 0101573-4 filed on May 3, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for joining thin heat exchanging plates of an iron based material provided with port holes and a press pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging area of the plates and when present over the distribution area to a plate heat exchanger. Prior to the brazing the plates are coated with a brazing material. The plates are arranged such that contacts between elevations and depressions in adjacent plates are obtained. The obtained package of plates is heated such that the brazing material melts, at which the plates are brazed together at the contact points. The invention also comprises a brazed plate heat exchanger, which is built up of thin heat exchanging plates of an iron based material provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging area of the plates and, if present, over the distribution area and is brazed together according to the method of the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

When producing plate heat exchangers one generally uses thin foils of a suitable brazing material, which foils are placed between the heat exchanging plates, which are to be brazed together. The heat exchanging plates with the foils located between them form a plate package comprising the desired number of passages for the media, which shall exchange heat. The plate package is placed in a furnace and is heated to the temperature at which the brazing material melts. The brazing may take place under vacuum or in presence of an inert or active shielding gas, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, helium or argon or combinations thereof.

In order to obtain a joint by brazing it is required that the brazing material wets the surface of the objects which are to be brazed together and that the brazing material has a melting point that is below the melting point of the objects which are to be joined together.

If one uses a brazing material in the shape of a powder this may be mixed with a binder or may alternatively be added to the plates in two steps.

The brazing material may also be dispersed in a mixture of binder and liquid and be painted or sprayed on the surface of base material. Another way is to apply the binder firstly and the pulverized brazing material thereafter. In case a binder is used, the plate package is suitably heated in steps in such a way that the binder is vaporized, before the material reaches brazing temperature.

In order to secure a sufficient strength of the heat exchanger one strives to obtain perfect brazing joints, which do not contain brittle phases or cracks. Brittle phases and cracks constitute crack initiating sites for fatigue failure and may form conditions for formation of corrosion cells, which may cause serious faults in a heat exchanger. The resulting crack initiating sites may also give rise to a leaching of alloy elements to the heat exchanging media, which is unsuitable in brazed constructions for food applications.

When using active brazing material, that is brazing material which contains elements which lower the melting point, the risk that brittle phases are formed increases. This depends on processes, which affect the diffusion rate of the melting point lowering elements in and around the brazing joint. If the driving force for diffusion and the kinetic conditions are suitable the so called critical joint clearance increases, the joint clearance where no brittle phases develop in the joint.

The brazing materials, which are used today, have often good flowability and wetting properties in order to penetrate into crevices and achieve a good bonding to the base material. In plate heat exchangers, where the plates which are to be brazed together, have a press pattern with elevations and depressions it is usual that the brazing joints have the shape of a point. Generally one uses a brazing material in the shape of a foil of uniform thickness, which covers the whole plate apart from the port holes. This means that one uses a surplus of brazing material in order to have a sufficient amount of brazing material in the brazing joints. Since it is difficult to control the amount of brazing material in the brazing joint, the risk increases that the amount of brazing material will be too large in certain brazing joints. At which the risk for brittle phases increase.

The article “Alloys for brazing thin sections of stainless steel” by A. S. McDonald in Welding Journal March 1957 discusses which alloys may be considered suitable for brazing thin steel elements for example to heat exchangers. An ideal alloy should according to the author of the article be able to wet and flow over a stainless steel surface without any flux agent during brazing in a shielding atmosphere. It should not damage the base material by dissolving the same or penetrate into the material and the obtained brazing joint should have a good mechanical strength and be resistant to oxidation.

The article continues with the statement that the popular nickel based alloys which contain boron and which in other connections are very useful cannot be used depending on their dissolving and penetrating properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention it has been found that by using a totally seen smaller amount of brazing material one may obtain an increased strength in the brazed plate heat exchanger both when using the brazing materials mentioned above and others for the application suitable brazing materials.

The method according to the invention is mainly characterized in that 540%, preferably 10-30% of the heat exchanging area and when present the distribution area is coated with brazing material prior to the brazing. The brazing together of the plates around port holes and around the edges is carried out in the usual way and is not affected by the present invention. The plates, which are used in brazed plate heat exchangers have a thickness up to 0.8 mm. When using a thicker plate material the heat exchanging capability becomes impaired to a great extent. In a pressurized brazed plate heat exchanger, it is only the brazing joints between the plates, which carry the load. Only the amount of brazing material found in the brazing joints influence the capability to withstand the strain the joints are exposed to.

According to the method of the present invention the brazing material is applied selectively at all point shaped and line shaped contact surfaces. Alternatively the brazing material may be applied selectively only at a certain number of point shaped or line shaped contact surfaces. Usually one chooses one of these two methods depending on the design of the pressing pattern, the thickness of the plates and the pressure conditions that the plate heat exchanger is subjected to. In dependence of the application the pressure may vary between 1-40 bar.

In order to obtain a plate heat exchanger with a maximal strength only enough brazing material is added so that a substantially ductile brazing joint is obtained. Such a brazing joint contains no, or only a minor amount of brittle phases. Brittle phases in a brazing joint may imply that the brazing joint breaks earlier due to fatigue (the life time is reduced), and also form a crevice for a corrosion attack. A ductile brazing joint is obtained when the amount of brazing material exceeds the area of the contact points only to a small extent.

In the method of the invention the brazing material consists of an active brazing material, that is a brazing material containing elements, which diffuse into the iron based plate material and at that change the melting interval for the material in the brazing joint. Such brazing material may be Ni-alloy with Cr and a melting point lowering additive or of a stainless steel with a melting point lowering additive. There are also Co- or Ag-based brazing materials.

The used brazing material may consist of a material which interacts with the base material in the heat exchanging plates in that elements in the base material migrate into the braze filler and thereby give a brazing joint with a higher strength, as is known for Cu and Ag-brazing materials.

The brazing material may, according to the invention, contain a non-active filling material, as for example a cellulose based binder.

The invention also comprises a brazed heat exchanger built up of thin heat exchanging plates of an iron based material provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging area of the plates and if present over the distribution area produced according to the main claim. The brazing material used for the brazing is mainly present in the brazing joint after the brazing.

A brazed plate heat exchanger according to the invention is produced by joining the plates with an active brazing material, that is a brazing material containing melting point lowering elements, which can diffuse into the base material during brazing. After the joining the brazing material is present mainly in the brazing joint apart from the melting point lowering elements, which have diffused into the iron based plate material.

According to the method of the invention the brazing material may be applied in different ways, one may apply a string or drops of brazing material by pressing it through a nozzle. One may also apply a binder in drops or strings and then scatter brazing powder over the surface. Surplus brazing material must then be removed prior to the brazing. The brazing material may also be applied on the heat exchanger plate by some kind of printing for example screen-printing. By this method the brazing material may be applied rapidly on the plate.

Choice of binder and the amount used depends on the demands for shape permanence after dispensation and also on parameters such as feeding, pressure and dimension of the dispensing nozzle. Gelatinous binders, usually cellulose based, are used for dispensation, since they hinder the setting of particles of brazing material during storage and after dispensation. In common 9-15% binder is used. The amount depends on the size distribution of the particles in the brazing powder. The larger the share of fine fraction, the more binder is needed to obtain a smooth paste.

For screen printing, printing through a silk screen, a thin slurry of powder particles is used. The binder seldom needs to have an especially high viscosity, maximally around 2000 cps, and a higher amount of binder may be used, up to 20%.

For stencil printing, printing through open holes, the mixture of brazing powder and binders must be as viscous as fine granular clay. The paste shall be capable of rolling in front of the blades and be pushed through the holes in the stencil. A representative value for the viscosity for this kind of paste, binder and powder, is >50.000 cps.

The viscosity of the brazing material may be increased by adding finely divided base material or particles which do not melt during brazing to a brazing material known per se.

The desired amount of brazing material is supplied to the contact points which are to be brazed together in any of the described or other ways. At that the brazing material covers an area that is somewhat larger than the contact point. The contact points may have a diameter of two mm. The brazing material is drawn by capillary forces into the crevice between the two heat exchanging plates, which are to be joined. If desired, the brazing material may be applied such that before the brazing it has the shape of a ring which surrounds the contact point.

Plates used in brazed heat exchangers often have a pressing pattern of herring bone type over the heat exchanging area. Depending on the shape of the pattern the amount of brazing material which is added varies to some extent but as an example it may be mentioned, that the heat exchanging area is covered to 13-15% with brazing material, when brazing material is applied at points at all contact points. If the brazing material is applied as strings the brazing material covers about 30% of the heat exchanging area for the same kind of pressing pattern. If the plate has a pattern without crossing elevations and depressions but with some other kind of contact between the plates the area is coated with brazing material to somewhat more that 10%. At each brazing point 1-30 mg brazing material is applied.

According to the invention one tries to attain that the brazing joint shall contain only a little amount of brittle phases. The amount of brittle phase affects the fatigue strength negatively. The amount of brittle phase depends on the joint clearance, the thickness of the plate, the amount of brazing material, how the brazing material is applied and by the time-temperature relation during the brazing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The attached drawings show in FIG. 1 a graph of the tensile force for a ductile brazing joint and in

FIG. 2 a graph of the tensile force for a brazing joint with a large amount of brittle phases.

FIG. 3 shows a principal graph of how the brazing joints and at that how the properties of the brazed heat exchanger are affected by the amount of brazing material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

For the tests one uses circular blanks of a certain plate thickness which are joined together in a predetermined manner with a varying amount of brazing materiel. The tensile force of the obtained brazing joints (4 units) is tested. The joined plate blanks are drawn from each other with a certain fixed strain rate.

As is seen in FIG. 1 which shows a tensile test graph for test blanks, which have been brazed together after point by point application of the brazing material, the ductile brazing point is stretched in an even curve until the first brazing point breaks at maximum tensile force. The other brazing points then break one after the other.

In FIG. 2 which shows a tensile test graph for test blanks, which have been covered with brazing material over the complete surface area it may be seen that this curve already prior to maximum tensile force shows notches which indicate brittles phases and crack initiation. The notches represent pre-cracks, which are critical for fatigue performance for example.

FIG. 3 shows a principle sketch of how different properties of a brazed plate heat exchanger are changed as a consequence of the change in the amount of braze filler over the heat exchanging surface area inclusive the distribution area if such is present. Graphs with similar changes in properties are obtained for active brazing materials based on Co-, Ni- or Fe-alloys. As may be seen from the graph the amount of brittles phases increases with an increasing amount of braze filler as percent of the total surface area. When the amount of brittle phases increases the ductility is reduced. The number of cycles to failure (lifespan) as a function of percentage braze filler on the surface initially increases to an apex, where after the life span drops to a near constant value.

A balance between positive and negative factors implies that an application of the surface with braze filler in the interval 5-40% gives a brazed heat exchanger with improved static and dynamic strength, long life and ductile brazing joints.

Within the interval 10-30% there is achieved a maximal result. 

1. A heat exchanger obtained by: joining thin heat exchanging plates of an iron-based material, which heat exchanging plates have a heat exchanging area and, optionally, a distribution area, and which heat exchanging plates are provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging area of the plates and, if present, over the distribution area, the heat exchanger plates being coated with an active brazing material on 5-40% of the heat exchanging area and, if present, the distribution area, prior to the joining the plates, which active brazing material comprises melting point lowering elements, and the plates are arranged in such way that contact points between adjacent elevations and depressions are obtained, and the plates being brazed together in the formed contact points; wherein the contact points include at least one of point-shaped contact points and lined-formed contact points, and wherein active brazing material is selectively applied to less than all of the at least one of point shaped contact points and line formed contact points.
 2. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the amount of active brazing material is so small that mainly ductile brazing joints are obtained.
 3. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the active brazing material contains melting point lowering elements, which during the brazing diffuse into the iron based plate material, which changes the melting interval of the material in the brazing joint.
 4. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein 10-30%, of the heat exchanging area and distribution area is coated with brazing material prior to the brazing.
 5. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the active brazing material being active brazing material of a Fe-alloy or of Fe-alloys, which Fe-alloy or Fe-alloys comprise melting point lowering elements.
 6. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the active brazing material being active brazing material of a Ni-alloy or of Ni-alloys, which Ni-alloy or Ni-alloys comprise chromium and melting point lowering elements.
 7. A brazed plate heat exchanger having a heat exchanging surface and, optionally, a distribution area, the brazed plate heat exchanger being build up from plates of an iron based material having heat exchanging surfaces and provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging surface of the plates and, if present, over the distribution area, which plate heat exchanger being obtained by brazing together the plates by the use of active brazing material of a Fe-alloy or of Fe-alloys, which Fe-alloy or Fe-alloys comprise melting point lowering elements; wherein 5-40%, of the heat exchanging area and distribution area are coated with brazing material prior to the brazing; and wherein the active brazing material is present in the brazed joints and have diffused into the iron based material of the plates.
 8. The brazed plate heat exchanger according to claim 7, wherein 10-30%, of the heat exchanging area and distribution area is coated with brazing material prior to the brazing.
 9. A brazed plate heat exchanger build up from thin heat exchanging plates of an iron based material provided with port holes and a pressing pattern of elevations and depressions over the heat exchanging surface of the plates and, if present, over the distribution area, which plate heat exchanger being obtained by brazing together the thin heat exchanging plates by the use of active brazing material of a Fe-alloy or of Fe-alloys, which Fe-alloy or Fe-alloys comprise melting point lowering elements; wherein the active brazing material is present in the brazed joints and have diffused into the iron based material of the plates.
 10. The brazed plate heat exchanger according to claim 7, wherein the active brazing material being in form of a paste before brazing. 